An action, to have moral worth, must be done from duty.
The first and most important field of philosophy is the application of principles such as __o not lie._ Next come the proofs, such as why we should not lie. The third field supports and articulates the proofs, by asking, for example, __ow does this prove it? What exactly is a proof, what is logical inference, what is contradiction, what is truth, what is falsehood?_ Thus, the third field is necessary because of the second, and the second because of the first. The most important, though, the one that should occupy most of our time, is the first. But we do just the opposite. We are preoccupied with the third field and give that all our attention, passing the first by altogether. The result is that we lie _ but have no difficulty proving why we shouldn__.
The Art of Living: The Classical Manual on Virtue, Happiness and Effectiveness
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The first and most important field of philosophy is the application of principles such as __o not lie._ Next come the proofs, such as why we should not lie. The third field supports and articulates the proofs, by asking, for example, __ow does this prove it? What exactly is a proof, what is logical inference, what is contradiction, what is truth, what is falsehood?_ Thus, the third field is necessary because of the second, and the second because of the first. The most important, though, the one that should occupy most of our time, is the first. But we do just the opposite. We are preoccupied with the third field and give that all our attention, passing the first by altogether. The result is that we lie _ but have no difficulty proving why we shouldn__.
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A group experience takes place on a lower level of consciousness than the experience of an individual. This is due to the fact that, when many people gather together to share one common emotion, the total psyche emerging from the group is below the level of the individual psyche. If it is a very large group, the collective psyche will be more like the psyche of an animal, which is the reason why the ethical attitude of large organizations is always doubtful. The psychology of a large crowd inevitably sinks to the level of mob psychology. If, therefore, I have a so-called collective experience as a member of a group, it takes place on a lower level of consciousness than if I had the experience by myself alone.
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This 'web of discourses' as Robyn called it...is as much a biological product as any of the other constructions to be found in the animal world. (Clothes too, are part of the extended phenotype of Homo Sapiens almost every niche inhabited by that species.An illustrated encyclopedia of zoology should no more picture Homo Sapiens naked than it should picture Ursus arctus-the black bear- wearing a clown suit and riding a bicycle.
Doing philosophy is only a threefold or double kind of waking--being awake--consciousness.